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Counting the Dead: Estimating the Loss of Life in the Indigenous Holocaust, 1492-Present David Michael Smith University of Houston-Downtown During the past century, researchers have learned a great deal about the nature and scope of what Russell Thornton has called the demographic collapse of the Indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere after 1492.1 As David Stannard has explained, the almost inconceivable number of deaths caused by the invasion and conquest of these lands by Europeans and their descendants constitute “the worst human holocaust the world had ever witnessed.”Serious scholarly investigations into the size of the Indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere before 1492 began early in the twentieth century. In 1924, Paul Rivet estimated that between 40 and 50 million people lived in the hemisphere before the 8 Counting the Dead Indigenous Holocaust began. 9 That same year, Karl Sapper also estimated the Indigenous population in the hemisphere to be between 40 and 50 million.10 Both Rivet and Sapper later revised their estimates downward to about 15.5 million and 31 million respectively.11 In 1939, Alfred Kroeber developed a much lower estimate of only 8.4 million for the entire hemisphere.12 In 1964, Woodrow Borah announced a much larger estimate of “upwards of 100 million” Native inhabitants.Other devastating assaults on these ways of life included the Spanish missions in California, Florida, and Texas; the U.S. government’s attempts to make Plains Indians into cattle ranchers and southern Indians into American farmers…efforts by churches and governments to undermine Indian religious, governmental, and kinship systems...