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Serious scholarly investigations into the size of the Indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere before 1492 began early in the twentieth century. In 1924, Paul Rivet estimated that between 40 and 50 million people lived in the hemisphere before the 8 Counting the Dead Indigenous Holocaust began. 9 That same year, Karl Sapper also estimated the Indigenous population in the hemisphere to be between 40 and 50 million.10 Both Rivet and Sapper later revised their estimates downward to about 15.5 million and 31 million respectively.11 In 1939, Alfred Kroeber developed a much lower estimate of only 8.4 million for the entire hemisphere.12 In 1964, Woodrow Borah announced a much larger estimate of “upwards of 100 million” Native inhabitants.13 Two years later, Henry Dobyns estimated the Indigenous population of the hemisphere to be between 90 million and 112.5 million.14 In 1976, William Denevan estimated the Indigenous population at between 43 and 72 million, the mid-point of which is more than 57 million.15 In 1987, Thornton provided an estimate of about 75 million.16 The following year, Dobyns revised his estimate significantly upward to 145 million.17 In 1992, Stannard estimated the original population of the hemisphere at about 100 million.18 Researchers have also developed various estimates for the pre-1492 population of the lands that today make up the coterminous United States. In 1910, James Mooney estimated this population at about 846,000. He later revised his estimate to more than 879,000.19 In 1939, Kroeber suggested that this population was only about 720,000 before the Europeans arrived.20 In 1976, Douglas Ubelaker estimated that the original population of the coterminous United States was more than 1.85 million.21 In 1981, Thornton and his co-author Joan Marsh-Thornton developed an estimate of 1.845 million, which was very close to Ubelaker’s.