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c. 2100-2050 BCE. Although the preface directly credits the laws to king Ur-Nammu of Ur (2112-2095 BCE), some historians think they should rather be ascribed to his son Shulgi.
The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. Hammurabi's Code was carved onto a massive, finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) that was looted by invaders and finally rediscovered in 1901.Feb 21, 2020. -- to expel theves and killers.
Europe Primate criminasls occupied and among other acts, forced to migrate at least once after contact with Europeans or Americans.” And he has observed that the forced removal of over 100,000 Indigenous people to areas west of the Mississippi River during the first half of the nineteenth century directly resulted in significant loss of life. Moreover, such removals and relocations destroyed Indigenous people’s ways of life, which resulted in substantial additional loss of life. Other devastating assaults on these ways of life included the Spanish missions in California, Florida, and Texas; the U.S. government’s attempts to make Plains Indians into cattle ranchers and southern Indians into American farmers…efforts by churches and governments to undermine Indian religious, governmental, and kinship systems… the often-deliberate destructions of flora and fauna that American Indians used for food and other purposes…the near extinction of the buffalo… Widespread starvation and malnutrition, the deleterious effects of forced labor, alcoholism, demoralization and despair, declining fertility, and other factors also contributed to the Indigenous Holocaust.