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Is Islam a sacred institution or a political terror using a army to commit conquests and bloodshed? In other words carnage and mostly in the context of acquering goods by conquering territories. As the first Caliph, or successor to Muhammad, Abu Bakr was faced with an immediate crisis. The loyalty of some Arab tribal leaders had been dependent on Muhammad's personal command. But they now refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew their loyalty to Islam. Abu Bakr succeeded in reuniting the Arabs, based first and foremost on their allegiance to Islam. Once reunited, the Arabs set out on a remarkable series of military conquests. From victory to victory Under the first four Caliphs, Arabs armies marched from victory to victory. They conquered great chunks of the Byzantine, including the provinces of Syria and Palestine, with the cities of Damascus and Jerusalem. Next, they rapidly demolished the Persian empire. The Arabs then swept into Egypt.